Elizabeth Darrell, later Thomas Wyatts mistress, refused the oath; Lady Hussey, wife of one of Marys household, was imprisoned because she would not accept Marys exclusion from the succession and insisted on addressing her as a princess. More would have to either acknowledge the kings spiritual supremacy and marriage to Anne Boleyn, or he would die. Yesterday we travailed with the Lady of Salisbury all day before and after noon, till almost night. Sometimes the questioners were mild, sometimes roughly spoken, traitoring her and her sons to the ninth degree yet will she nothing utter. Margaret continued not uttering, or uttering no proof of treason. . Ten years on, her situation was more difficult to negotiate. His desire for an annulment was now not merely to secure a legitimate heir; it was also spurred by his desire to marry Anne. Geoffrey appealed to Thomas Cromwell, who had him arrested and interrogated. The 8-episode season follows Catherine of Aragon (Charlotte Hope) and King Henry VIII's (Ruari O'Connor) tumultuous marriage. Her London palace, Le Herber, stood in a busy mercantile quarter, approximately where Cannon Street Station is now, and she rented out the tenements around as workshops, stables and an inn. As Countess of Salisbury, Margaret managed her lands well and by 1538 she was the fifth richest peer in England. The bridegroom Arthur was dead within months. Her father was the younger brother of Edward IV and Richard III. Margaret's loyalty was to Katherine of Aragon and to her daughter Princess Mary to whom she was governess and godmother. Susan Higginbothams carefully written book comes with a misleading cover puff: At last, a biography of one of the most fascinating women of the Tudor period, who has too long been overlooked. Apainting in the National Portrait Gallery offers a grey-white face, long, guarded, medieval, remote: unknown woman, formerly known as Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury. He married Anne Neville, a younger sister of Margaret's mother, Isabel. Birth City: London, England. His naivety meant that, when threats to the regime mounted, he was easily entrapped. * Walter Stafford (about 1539-after 1571 . Both men were enthusiastic Humanist scholars, but they parted ways with regard to the kings prerogative. The hands are the standard-issue long-fingered type; a black ribbon, added later, may conceal damage to the paint. And so he was. Nevertheless, she was taken from her cell to the place within the precincts of the Tower of London where a low wooden block had been prepared instead of the customary scaffold.[5]. The reasons were various, but the most important was Katharines position as aunt to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. Charles would not let his aunt be cast aside (he was also considering the dynastic appeal of her daughter with Henry), and he pressured the pope to deny Henrys petition. Her second son, Arthur Pole, had a generally successful career as a courtier, becoming one of the six Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber. In May 1539 Henry, Margaret, Exeter and others were attainted, as Margaret's father had been. Chapuys wrote two weeks after the execution that one hundred and fifty witnesses were present for the execution, including the Lord Mayor of London. Likewise, Henry became understandably angry at the papacys refusal to repudiate Charles. It is unlikely she had seen him for many years, but in any case, mourning for a traitor was inadvisable. He could now only write to his wife and favorite daughter Margaret with a piece of coal or burnt stick on scraps of paper. And her gender did not necessarily disqualify her from becoming leader of the opposition if that was what she chose. Katharine was the kings true wife. Margaret Pole was one of only two women in the 16 th century to hold a peerage in her own right. He was Dean of Exeter and Wimborne Minster, Dorset, as well as a canon of York. Her mother, the great heiress Isabel Neville, died in 1476 after giving birth to her fourth child; this last baby, like Isabels first child, did not live. My faithfulness stands fast and so, * Thomas Stafford (1531-4 May 1557) who was captured and executed for High Treason in Scarborough. It was unlawful before man and God and thus void. A third account in Burke's Peerage, possibly apocryphal, described the appalling circumstances of the execution. What a contemporary described as her nobility and goodness soon put her back in royal favour. More was not a man to be broken by prison, but he suffered physically. Wolsey was destined to die for his failure to secure the annulment. Her son Reginald described himself afterwards as son of a martyr and in 1886, Pope Leo XIII had Margaret Pole beatified as a martyr. They married less than a month after Jane Colts death and More had to seek special dispensation from the church. His eldest daughter Margaret married the lawyer William Roper in 1521, and More continued his practice of prayer and supervision of learning at his home. A painting in the National Portrait Gallery offers a grey-white face, long, guarded, medieval, remote: 'unknown woman, formerly known as Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury'. at, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (conflation of, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 21:21. But Margaret kept any dissident thoughts to herself, avoiding jeopardy until, in the summer of 1536, the actions of her son Reginald plunged her whole family into trouble. It was then discovered that More had written to John Fisher, the bishop of Rochester, who was also imprisoned in the Tower for not taking the oath. Thomas More: A very brief history June 29, 2017; Henry VIII's Westminster Tournament 1511 June 5, 2017; Rebecca Benson as Margaret Pole in The White Princess (2017)(Screenshot/Fair Use) Margaret Plantagenet was born on 14 August 1473 at Farleigh Castle near Bath as the daughter of George, Duke of Clarence and Isabel Neville. Reginald replied to books Henry sent him with his own pamphlet, pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione, or de unitate, which denied Henry's position on the marriage of a brother's wife and denied royal supremacy. Henry was able to play peacemaker. His spirits were high when visited by family and friends, though they were only permitted to see him if they took the Oath which he had refused. Henrys adult opponents were dead or driven abroad. This was not, as some say, Cratwell, who had himself been executed three years earlier, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Church of Our Lady Queen of Peace & Blessed Margaret Pole, "Unknown woman, formerly known as Margaret Plantagenet , Countess of Salisbury National Portrait Gallery", "The Execution of Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury", "1541: Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury", "Pole, Margaret, suo jure countess of Salisbury (14731541), noblewoman", "Margaret Plantagenet, Lady Pole & Countess of Salisbury (14731541)", "Our Lady Queen of Peace & Blessd Margaret Pole, Southbourne", The Tragical History of King Richard the Third, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Pole,_Countess_of_Salisbury&oldid=1140799395, People convicted under a bill of attainder, People executed by Tudor England by decapitation, People executed under the Tudors for treason against England, Burials at the Church of St Peter ad Vincula, Governesses to the English Royal Household, Hereditary peeresses created by Henry VIII, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from February 2023, Articles needing expert attention from June 2022, Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, English Martyrs Church, Preston (she is on the right. 1 Through his father he was descended from Edward III's son, Thomas of Woodstock, and his mother was Catherine Woodville, sister of Edward IV's queen, Elizabeth Woodville; she afterwards married Henry VII's uncle, Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford. More suffered a sharp chest pain, possibly angina, and begged the king to release him from his duties. Eustace Chapuys, the imperial ambassador, recorded the Countess's execution in a letter to the Queen of Hungary: The new king married Margaret's cousin, Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter, and Margaret and her brother were taken into their care. As part of the evidence for the bill of attainder, Cromwell produced a tunic bearing the Five Wounds of Christ, symbolizing Margaret's support for the Church of Rome and the rule of her son, Reginald, and the king's Roman Catholic daughter, Mary. On his accession he granted her an annuity of 100 a year and on 14 Oct 1513 he created her Countess of Salisbury and gave her the family lands of the earldom of Salisbury. Cardinal Wolsey and the king needed no further reason to bring More into the kings service. But Lord Montagu attended Annes coronation as he would later attend her trial. Utopia is a complex and witty work which describes a city-state ruled entirely by reason. Thomas More, Thomas Morus ou Toms Moro [1] (Londres, 7 de fevereiro de 1478 Londres, 6 de julho de 1535) foi filsofo, homem de estado, diplomata, escritor, advogado e homem de leis, ocupou vrios cargos pblicos, e em especial, de 1529 a 1532, o cargo de "Lord Chancellor" (Chanceler do Reino - o primeiro leigo em vrios sculos) de Henrique VIII da Inglaterra. Nor make one step, as you shall see; But it is difficult to detect in her conduct the heroic virtues assumed by Rome, and easier to see self-protective caution at work. She is the daughter of a duke and the niece of two kings, Edward IV and Richard III. The one potentially scandalous act of his life was his quick second marriage to a widow seven years his senior, Alice Middleton. I decided to investigate anemometers, because I wanted to look at different ways of measuring wind speed. And More was more convinced than ever that he needed to leave royal service. Henry Courtenay och Margaret Pole och fngslades i Towern. But if the weather turns nasty you up with an anchor and let it down where there's less wind, and the fishing's better. Reginald also urged the princes of Europe to depose Henry immediately. Henry and others were executed, though Geoffrey was not. This blatant disrespect could not be tolerated and Mores name was included in a Bill of Attainder against Elizabeth Barton, the Holy Maid of Kent, who had prophesized against the kings annulment. Stoke was a decisive victory. 3.67. But Reginald, it seemed, always got a tip-off. Her life, marked by stunning reversals of fortune, is an irresistible subject, but it presents a familiar difficulty for the historian. In 1512, Parliament, with Henrys assent, restored to her some of the lands that had been held by Henry VII for her brother while he was imprisoned, and then had been confiscated when he was executed. The boy, born in 1519, was welcome proof to Henry that he could father a son and that his lack of an heir was entirely Katharines fault. [3], Margaret was born at Farleigh Castle in Somerset, the only surviving daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, and his wife Isabel Neville, who was the elder daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and his wife Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick. The prestige of her ancient family, her traditionalist stance in religion, and her status as a peer in her own right all these defined a woman who might wish to resist the new order. For example, as Lord Chancellor, More proclaimed the opinion of the English universities as favorable to the kings annulment. Two written eyewitness reports survived her execution: one by Marillac, the French ambassador, and the other by Chapuys, ambassador to the Holy Roman Emperor. But time and impatience had made him emphatic in his righteousness. Six months later, Cromwell produced a tunic marked with the wounds of Christ, claiming it had been found in that search, and used that to arrest Margaret, though most doubt that. Managed all schedules for company and . In the end, he could not be persuaded. It gave the king pause, and More was allowed to return home. We can't imagine how Margaret was feeling, she was 65 years of age when brought to the tower in 1539, an advanced age by the standards of the day. His crusade against his native land was never launched, but many years later he would return, Archbishop of Canterbury to Mary Tudor, and join in heresy-hunting and the burning of reformers. The Duke of Clarence plotted against Edward IV and in February 1478 was attainted and executed for treason. Chapuys suggested to Emperor Charles V that Reginald marry Mary and combine their dynastic claims. The only people to escape the toxicity of the court were Lina (Stephanie Levi-John) and Oviedo (Aaron Cobham), who decided to seek a new life in the Ottoman Empire. It states that Margaret refused to lay her head on the block, declaiming, "So should traitors do, and I am none". In 1541, Margaret was executed, protesting that she had not taken part in any conspiracy and proclaiming her innocence. When Henry imposed an oath which recognised him as head of the church in England, the countess and her household complied. Because of this, she becomes an unprovoked target for the King's anger. She answered that no crime had been imputed to her. Contemporary chroniclers often referred to him as a friend of the poor. Susan Higginbotham. After Richard III seized the throne, he sent Margaret to Yorkshire with her brother. [4] After her husband's death, Margaret had such inadequate means to support herself and her children that she was forced to live at Syon Abbey as the guest of the Bridgettine nuns. But they have never been proven, and in fact they seem pretty far fetched. He collected books and rare objects, but he gave away his possessions freely as well. Henry wanted Reginald to come back to England and talk the matter over, but Reginald had the sense to keep his distance. There is an apocryphal story that Morton predicted his bright and lively page would grow into a marvelous man. The new pretender, Ralph Wilford, was arrested and killed before the conspiracy bred any action. Ursula Pole, married Henry Stafford, whose title and lands were lost when his father was executed for treason and attainted, restored to a Stafford title under Edward VI. Despite such evidence of royal favor, it is likely that More chafed at his service to the king. Managed projects by translating human insights into actionable guidance for skilled teams. This discovery resulted in removal of Mores books and writing materials. There was a new king, a handsome, athletic young man who had once been destined for the church. Hilary Mantelwasthe author of nine novels and three collections of short stories in addition to her prize-winning trilogy about Thomas Cromwell. The Execution of a Duke. It was also due to Henrys deep and unfeigned friendship with More. Credit: PjrWindows / Alamy Stock Photo. And his patron Morton was infamous as the architect of that kings very successful and subsequently very unpopular tax policy. Mores brilliance of mind and curious, kindly character gained him many friends and admirers. One of her children, Reginald Pole, would go on to become a cardinal, and then . Wolsey, for all his brilliance and cunning, could not compete with that influence. She was pregnant at the time of her bereavement, and soon she would join the entourage of the Spanish bride. Both Henry and Reginald Pole were attainted in 1539; Geoffrey was pardoned. It mattered to London shopkeepers, and to great churchmen. Pole, niece of both Edward IV and Richard III, was the only woman apart from Anne Boleyn to hold a peerage in her own right during the . Her husbands career flourished. The eldest daughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, Margaret was the sister of Henry VIII. Later that year, Reginald was summoned to Rome, made a cardinal and put in charge of organising a crusade against England economic sanctions first, war if need be. More later memorialized her as uxorcula Thomae Mori; her gentle personality is attested to by Erasmuss letters, as he was a frequent visitor to Mores home. This site requires the use of Javascript to provide the best possible experience. Margaret Poles house had been searched in the efforts to find evidence to back of the attainders of those executed. Was More surprised by this speech? Under interrogation, Geoffrey said that his eldest brother, Lord Montagu, and the Marquess had been parties to his correspondence with Reginald. The governors of Lincoln admired him enough to appoint him lecturer on law for three consecutive years. Seldom distracted from voicing their headline concerns, her people give each other a lot of information, in unmodulated voices, each time they speak. He is an English lawyer, eventually promoted to Chancellor and assistant to the King after Wolsey 's death. As widows, or as deputies to living husbands, they handled complex legal and financial affairs with aplomb, while assenting outwardly at least to their status as irrational and inferior beings. Ursula Pole, Baroness Stafford the daughter of Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury and Sir Richard Pole. Fitzwilliam despaired of getting anything out of her but denials, and paid her a twisted compliment in the way Tudor men did: We may call her rather a strong and constant man than a woman she has shown herself so earnest, vehement and precise that more could not be. When he told her that her goods had been seized, she must have known it was the beginning of the end, and seemeth thereat to be somew[hat] appalled, but neither then nor at any later point did she profess anything but loyalty to Henry and regret at her familys folly. Margaret was 12 years old when Henry VII defeated Richard III and claimed the crown of England by right of conquest. The honor was tremendous; notably, More was the first layman to hold the office. She was now one of the richest people in England. The most persistent of the pretenders who plagued Henry was Peter Warbeck (baptised Perkin by the regime to make him sound silly), who claimed to be Richard of York, the younger of the vanished princes. Henry VIIIs later statements to the contrary, his marriage to Katharine began happily and continued so for some years. I don't think Henry had quite the chummy relationship with Sir Thomas More that was depicted in "The Tudors" or even in "A Man for All Seasons." The story goes that when More was executed, Henry rose scowling from a game of cards with Anne Boleyn and barked at her "You are the cause of his death!" Despite widespread belief, even amongst Protestants, that Rich was lying, his statement was enough for a fresh inquiry to begin. It was time to be rid of Warwick. May 28, 2015. Her brothers royal blood, however, remained a danger. He was not prepared, as he saw it, to imperil his immortal soul by taking the oath that Henry required of all his people, and he died for his belief.. 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