51 of 1997. For his services during the war, he received a letter of commendation from Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, which was after World War II converted to a Navy Commendation Medal. [9][10] While serving in this position, he was commended by Brigadier General Charles W. Abbot, the adjutant general of Rhode Island, for making great strides in improving the efficiency of the militia, and on April 25, 1928, was promoted to captain by act of the Rhode Island General Assembly in recognition of his flight to the North Pole in 1926. [23], If Byrd and Bennett did not reach the North Pole, then the first flight over the pole occurred a few days later, on May 12, 1926, with the flight of the airship Norge that flew from Spitsbergen (Svalbard) to Alaska nonstop with a crew including Roald Amundsen, Umberto Nobile, Oscar Wisting, and Lincoln Ellsworth. The Evening Post, 7 March. [11], Shortly after the entry of the United States into the First World War in April 1917, Byrd oversaw the mobilization of the Rhode Island Naval Militia. Byrd commanded the aviation unit of the arctic expedition to North Greenland led by Donald B. MacMillan from June to October 1925. Byrd was one of only four American military officers in history entitled to wear a medal with his own image on it. Bennett, though, had started a memoir, given numerous interviews, and wrote an article for an aviation magazine about the flight before his death that all confirmed Byrd's version of the flight. 1928 - Byrd begins first expedition to Antarctica. His flagship has a connection to the 'Titanic' tragedy. Byrd was born in Winchester, Virginia, the son of Esther Bolling (Flood) and Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr. On June 8, 1912, Byrd graduated from the Naval Academy and was commissioned an ensign in the United States Navy. The others were Admiral George Dewey, General John J. Pershing, and Admiral William T. Sampson. On December 2, 1946, U.S. The Kingdom of Agarttha - Marquis Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre 2008-08-14 First English translation of the book that introduced the realm of Hollow Earth Explores the underground world of Agarttha, This hazardous flight was made under extreme conditions of cold, over ranges and plateaus extending nine to ten thousand feet above sea level and beyond probable rescue of personnel had a forced landing occurred. Byrd's Fairchild FC-2W2, NX8006, Stars And Stripes, is on display at the Virginia Aviation Museum located on the north side of the airport, on loan from the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC. They had four children Richard Evelyn Byrd III, Evelyn Bolling Byrd Clarke, Katharine Agnes Byrd Breyer, and Helen Byrd Stabler. As a result of his achievement, Byrd was promoted to the rank of rear admiral by a special act of Congress on December 21, 1929. Byrd R (August 1956) All-out Assault on Antarctica. According to Hollow Earth theorists, Byrd met ancient race underground in the Before the rejection, on August 28, 1948, the United States proposed to the claimant countries some form of internationalization of Antarctica, and this was supported by the United Kingdom. Modern War Institute, 6 January; Bateman S (2012) Strategic Competition and Emerging Security Risks: Will Antarctica Remain Demilitarised? Richard E. Byrd Elementary School, a Department of Defense school located in Negishi (Yokohama, Japan) opened on September 20, 1948. In the autumn of 1917, he was sent to naval aviation school at Pensacola, Florida. Concurrently, before his death, plans were devised for what became Admiral Byrds final actthe organization of Navy Task Force 43 to support international scientific efforts in preparation for the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 19551956.35)Chronology of Events During Operation Deep Freeze (September 1954April 1960) Box 207, Folder 7365, Byrd Papers. Finally, he articulated that more efficient polar radar and weather stations would facilitate land, sea, and air warfare over the top of the world.27)Importance of Operation Highjump to our National Security (1949) Byrd Papers. Richard E. Byrd Middle School in Sun Valley, California, is named after Admiral Byrd. Testimonial; Make Free A; Good Of Certificate Standing; New. [18], As of 2023, there are 56 states party to the treaty,[2] 29 of which, including all 12 original signatories to the treaty, have consultative (voting) status. Memorials to Byrd can be found in two cities in New Zealand (Wellington and Dunedin). This was Byrd's last trip to Antarctica, and marked the beginning of a permanent U.S. military presence in Antarctica. Byrd was the sixth individual to receive this award.[51]. He received the society's War Service Medal for his service during the First World War. In 1930, Byrd was awarded a gold medal by Kane Lodge.[48][49]. For years rumors have persisted that on his historic flight to the North Pole, Admiral Byrd flew beyond the Pole into an opening leading inside the Earth. ), Antarctic Security in the Twenty-First Century. He would later name a region of Antarctic land he discovered "Marie Byrd Land" after her, and a mountain range, the Ames Range, after her father. Byrd made daily weather observations but became very ill when carbon monoxide leaked from a faulty stove. As geopolitical tensions throughout the earths polar regions continue to build, the strategic questions of Byrds day remain strikingly relevant. Christopher L Byrd is an IRS registered tax preparer in Scottsdale, Arizona. Byrd passed away in March 1957ironically, a time when the White House commitment to investigating the Arctic environment had reached an all-time high.33)Doel R, Friedman R, Lajus J, Srlin S & Wrkberg U (2014) Strategic Arctic Science: National Interests in Building Natural KnowledgeInterwar Era Through the Cold War. [7] While at the Naval Academy, he suffered two injuries to his right ankle (one was by playing football and the other was while dismounting gymnastic rings during a competition). The film shows live-action footage of the operation, along with a few re-enacted scenes. CNA, 17 March. Operation Highjump (Undated) Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. Rank and organization: Commander, United States Navy. On his second expedition in 1934, Byrd spent five winter months alone operating a meteorological station, Advance Base, from which he narrowly escaped with his life after suffering carbon monoxide poisoning from a poorly ventilated stove. He was raised (became a Master Mason) in Federal Lodge No. I want to encourage exactly the debates and fact-finding you see people engage in on that Facebook thread, Boucher added. It is also commemorated in a U.S. postage stamp issued at the time, and a considerable amount of mail using it was sent from Byrd's base at Little America. ATS 13 of 1938. The earths polar regions have enjoyed a strategic resurgence over the past decade. From the time humans began pushing the boundaries of polar exploration in the early twentieth century, concerned nation-states have sought to translate polar presence into strategic advantage. The success of Operation Highjump prompted strategic planners to earmark the years 1947 to 1950 for the twin goals of ensuring the continuation of long range preparations for continuity of effort in the Antarctic and using gained knowledge to improve the usableness [sic] and logistic support of Greenland for military operations.20)Operation Highjump (Undated) Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. PSHE. Byrd Elementary School on April 5, 1960. If you say here is how disinformation works, a lot of times they will tune you out or be actively hostile, Boucher said. This article was produced by the Reuters Fact Check team. Foremost among these thinkers, Byrd reflected in 1945: At the moment we do not feel that we need the resources of Antarctica. In 1928, Byrd began his first expedition to the Antarctic involving two ships and three airplanes. Today we are not stating our rightful claims to this territory. As the United States assumed an increasingly inimical posture towards the Soviet Union after World War II, polar experts like renowned naval pilot and polar explorer Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd made American policymakers aware of the pitfalls of ignoring Arctic and Antarctic interests in the nations long-term planning. The article links to a book called Mysterious Antarctica published by Lost Books in Canada (here). During these expeditions, Byrd established the first permanent American research base on the Ross Ice Shelf (dubbed Little America), became the first individual to fly over the South Pole, named a swath of Antarctic territory after his wife (Marie Byrd Land),11)In an obituary prepared after Byrds death in 1957 by one of his children, they observed: Incidentally, one of the [American Antarctic] bases is in the heart of Marie Byrd Land which my Dad discovered and named after his wife and which may be the largest land in the world named after a woman. Untitled obituary draft (Undated) Box 207, Folder 7399, Admiral Richard E. Byrd Papers, Byrd Polar Research Center Archives, The Ohio State University [hereafter Byrd Papers]. In terms of criminal law, the laws that apply to the Jervis Bay Territory (which follows the laws of the Australian Capital Territory) apply to the Australian Antarctic Territory. Gardner to Senator Walter F. George (1949) 6 October, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers. Naval Task Force 68a fleet of three Naval Groups overseen by Admiral Byrddeparted Norfolk, Virginia. Military-funded collegiate programs furnished solutions to challenges in transpolar Arctic warfare. Though the 1867 purchase of Alaskan territory from Russia jump-started the United States strategic interest in the Arctic, the earliest American expeditions north of Canada and Siberia never resulted in territorial claims. New York: G.P. Finally, Thomas Poulter, E. J. Demas, and Amory Waite arrived at Advance Base, where they found Byrd in poor physical health. Their collective success initiated two decades of intermittent research and exploratory expeditions at earths extremes.8)Shackleton was most famous for conducting a daring rescue of his shipmates after their vessel, The Endurance, became trapped in the ice. Formula Alka; Guide Kentucky. His ancestors include planter John Rolfe and his wife Pocahontas, William Byrd II of Westover Plantation, who established Richmond, as well as William Byrd I and Robert "King" Carter, a colonial governor. On February 15, in the incident on Deception Island, 32 royal marines landed from the British frigate HMS Snipe armed with Sten machine guns, rifles, and tear gas capturing the two Argentine sailors. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. [8] In 1949, Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom signed a Tripartite Naval Declaration committing not to send warships south of the 60th parallel south, which was renewed annually until 1961 when it was deemed unnecessary when the treaty entered into force. In 1958. the Richard Byrd library, part of the Fairfax County Public Library system opened in Springfield, Virginia. The positions of the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand coincided in the establishment of an international administration for Antarctica, proposing that it should be within the framework of the United Nations. In 2006, frustrated by lack of progress, the Christchurch Coroner said that it was unlikely that Dr. Marks ingested the methanol knowingly, although there is no certainty that he died as the direct result of the act of another person. On July 14, 1912, he was assigned to the battleship USS Wyoming. Tomorrow we may be sorry. "South Pole scientist may have been poisoned". [4][20] Bennett died on April 25, 1928, during a flight to rescue downed aviators in Greenland. Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. The interview appeared in the Wednesday, March 5, 1947, edition of the Chilean newspaper El Mercurio, and read in part: Admiral Richard E. Byrd warned today that the United States should adopt measures of protection against the possibility of an invasion of the country by hostile planes coming from the polar regions. Departing for Antarctica one last time in December 1955 as part of Operation Deep Freeze I, Byrd and his men laid the groundwork for future naval support of American Antarctic scientific operations by constructing three permanent research bases and passing their polar knowledge on to a new generation of civilian scientists and Navy personnel.36)Byrd R (1957) Antarctica: The Last Frontier: The Annual Report of the Officer in Charge, United States Antarctic Programs, Fiscal Year 1956. The Arctic Institutes research and capacity building projects help make the Arctic a more secure, just, and sustainable place. The Antarctic Treaty; Full Antarctic Treaty; Science. New Haven: Yale University Press; Huntington R (2010) Race for the South Pole: The Expedition Diaries of Scott and Amundsen. His papers served as the nucleus for establishment of the BPRC Polar Archival Program in 1990. Section 2 of the South African Citizens in Antarctica Act, No. Byrd's short-wave relay broadcasts, from his second Antarctic expedition, established a new chapter of communication history. Photographs can be seen on Getty Images (here). 1917. this one. At the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Byrd took command of the U.S. Antarctic service and led a third expedition to Antarctica in 1939-41, this one financed and sponsored by the U.S. government. With research conducted during Highjump II, glacial highways could be developed for logistics support with improved surface transport equipment; extreme weather missions would simulate war-time operations and conditions; and pilots would learn to make forced landings in Arctic conditions. It was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War, setting aside the continent as a scientific preserve, establishing freedom of scientific investigation, and banning military activity; for the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all the land and ice shelves south of 60S latitude. The New Zealand Police launched an investigation. However, the financial backing for Byrds second operation failed to materialize. When he returned to the United States from the Arctic, Byrd became a national hero. 2003; 21:409. Rather, they are continuations of early Cold War dynamicsold frontiers invested with new strategic importance as geopolitical (and increasingly, climatological) realities change. Brown, commander of Pacific Air Forces, noted the need for additional polar icebreakers, equipment, and training as Antarctic competition will soon resemble the United States Rivalry with China and Russia in the North Pole.39)Espach R & Samaranayake N (2020) Antarctica is the New Arctic: Security and Strategy in the Southern Ocean. Indeed, the amount at stake for the United States, Canada, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Denmark, Russia, and now China at the earths northern pole has led to a steady escalation of force one pundit dubbed the new Arctic great game.2)Osborn A (2018) Putins Russia in Biggest Arctic Military Push Since Soviet Fall. Great heroism was displayed, especially by the men who lost their lives rescuing the wounded." The images were created using artificial intelligence and do not show the discovery of a secret civilization in Antarctica. His qualities of leadership and unselfish devotion to duty are in accordance with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. The journeys success reinforced his celebrity status as Americas most famous polar explorer, enabling him to return to the continent for a second expedition from 19331935.10)For Byrds own account of his second expedition, see Byrd R (1935) Discovery: The Story of the Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition. "South Pole Death Mystery Who killed Rodney Marks? [4] It was the largest Antarctic expedition to date and was expected to last 68 months. In 1950, the interest of the United States to keep the Soviet Union away from Antarctica was frustrated, when the Soviets informed the claimant states that they would not accept any Antarctic agreement in which they were not represented. His concept of Antarctica as "the great white continent of peace" was a prelude to the Antarctic Treaty. On January 17, 1953, Argentina reopened the Lieutenant Lasala refuge on Deception Island, leaving a sergeant and a corporal in the Argentine Navy. Letter, Admiral M.B. Indias G20 Presidency: Opportunity to Resume Engagement in the Arctic, The Arctic This Week Take Five: Week of 20 February, 2023, Not so Poles Apart: The Arctic and the Third Pole in Asia, Putins Russia in Biggest Arctic Military Push Since Soviet Fall, Russia, the United States, and Churning Arctic Geopolitics, Russia and the Arctic Council in 2021: A New Security Dilemma, The Countries Taking Advantage of Antarctica During the Pandemic, Strategy and Competition at the Ends of the Earth. He has hiked, camped, and climbed from . Letter, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Deputy Secretary of Defense Stephen T. Early (1949) 27 September, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers; Rose L (2008). One example is the Hollow Earth theory, which believes that the center of the Earth houses a secret civilization as discussed (here), (here). As a token of his gratitude, Byrd named geographic features in the Antarctic after his supporters. [3], The main treaty was opened for signature on December 1, 1959, and officially entered into force on June 23, 1961. In the wake of Stalins death in 1953, the resolution of the Korean War, the unification of Soviet-bloc countries in the Warsaw Pact, and West Germanys admittance into NATO came to demand the attention of civilian and military officials. In the second phase, a conference at the highest diplomatic level was held from October 15 to December 1, 1959, when the Treaty was signed. Christopher L Byrd is associated with Sal E Mander Enterprises Llc. [28], Once again, Byrd named Floyd Bennett as his chief pilot, with Norwegian Bernt Balchen, Bert Acosta, and Lieutenant George Noville as other crewmembers. False; Hvac Template. The admiral explained that he was not trying to scare anyone, but the cruel reality is that in case of a new war, the United States could be attacked by planes flying over one or both poles. In an obituary prepared after Byrds death in 1957 by one of his children, they observed: Incidentally, one of the [American Antarctic] bases is in the heart of Marie Byrd Land which my Dad discovered and named after his wife and which may be the largest land in the world named after a woman. Untitled obituary draft (Undated) Box 207, Folder 7399, Admiral Richard E. Byrd Papers, Byrd Polar Research Center Archives, The Ohio State University [hereafter Byrd Papers].

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